1 No tengas miedo a los verbos irregulares
Los verbos irregulares en inglésson para muchos una cosa que les asusta, pero eso no tiene ningún fundamento. Les tienen miedo por sus diferencia y su irregularidad. Pero dedicando tiempo a su exploración y memorización (sí aquí no evitarás el empollamiento), descubres, que en su irregularidad hay cierto orden que te ayudará aprenderlos.En este artículo intentaremos darte unos cuantos trucos, gracias a los cuales podrás aprenderlos
2 La diferencia entre los verbos regulares e irregulares
El tiempo pasado de los verbos regulares se forma por una fórmula: –agrerar la terminación-ed al final del verbo.
- Ask → I asked (pasado simple) → I had asked (préterito pluscuamperfecto)
El pasado de los verbos irregulares no tiene ninguna regla. Hay que aprender las tres formas del verbo – infinitivo, pasado y participio pasado.
- Drive (infinitivo) → drove (pasado) → driven (participio pasado)
Como ya hemos mencionado anteriormenteen el artículo sobre el pasado en inglés, los verbos irregulares y sus formas pasadas se suelen describir en tablas.
En la primera columna ponemos el verbo en infinitivo (es deciren su forma básica), en la segunda columna encontramos la forma pasada y en la tercera columna el participio pasado, el cual se utiliza por ejemplo en el pretérito pluscuamperfecto.
Para crear el pasado simple utilizamos la forma pasada de la segunda columna
Para los principiantes será mejor trabajar con los verbos irregulares básicos (ser,estar,hacer, comer, beber, escribir, etc.). Luego podrás ir aňadiendo poquito a poco cada semana otros verbos. No te asustes, no es tan complicado como parece:)
3Tabla de los 35 verbos irregulares básicos
INFINITIVO | PASADO | PARTICIPIO PASADO | ESPAÑOL |
---|---|---|---|
be | was, were | been | Ser, estar |
begin | began | begun | Empezar |
buy | bought | bought | Comprar |
choose | chose | chosen | Elegir |
come | came | come | Venir |
do | did | done | Hacer |
drive | drove | driven | Conducir |
drink | drank | drunk | Beber |
eat | ate | eaten | Comer |
feel | felt | felt | Sentir |
find | found | found | Encontrar |
get | got | gotten | Obtener |
give | gave | given | Dar |
go | went | gone | Ir |
have | had | had | Tener |
hear | heard | heard | Oír |
know | knew | known | Conocer |
learn | learned/learnt | learned/learnt | Aprender |
leave | left | left | Dejar, abandonar |
make | made | made | Hacer |
read | read | read | Leer |
run | ran | run | Correr |
say | said | said | Decir |
see | saw | seen | Ver |
sing | sang | sung | Cantar |
sit | sat | sat | Sentarse |
sleep | slept | slept | Dormir |
speak | spoke | spoken | Hablar |
stand | stood | stood | Estar de pie |
swim | swam | swum | Nadar |
take | took | taken | Tomar, coger |
tell | told | told | Decir |
think | thought | thought | Pensar |
win | won | won | Ganar |
4 Cómo aprender los verbos irregulares
Además de centrarse al principioen los verbos irregulares básicos, tenemos algunos consejos más para ayudarte a memorizarlos aún más fácilmente.
1. Método de tarjetas
Crea tarjetas y escribe en cada una de las caras de ellas las tres formas de verbo irregular y en la otra el significado en castellano. Luego apréndelos tal y cómo estás acostumbrado.
- choose – chose – chosen (elegir)
2. Revisa si es un verbo regular o irregular
Cuando aprendes cualquier nuevo verbo, ve primero siel pasadose forma de manera regular o irregular. Aprende los verbos irregulares en las tres formas directamente.
3. No olvides el contexto
Crea oraciones de ejemplo y pon las formas directamente en contexto. Por ejemplo
- I usually drink beer, I already drank lemonade, but I’ve never drunk beer with lemonade!
4. Divide los verbos en grupos
Crea grupos temáticos:
- buy – bought – bought (comprar)
- sell – sold – sold (vender)
Ordena los verbos de acuerdo con la similitud de sus formas:
- blow – blew – blown (soplar)
- grow – grew – grown (crecer)
- throw – threw – thrown (lanzar)
5 Las formas de verbos irregulares
Como ya hasnotado, algunos verbos difieren en las tres formas(infinitivo, tiempo pasado y participio pasado), otros son idénticos en las tres formas y otros tienen dos formas idénticas: el pasado y el participio pasado, o coincide con el participio infinitivo y el pasado. En estos verbos resultaelaprendizaje un poco más fácil, pero nuevamente, tenemos que memorizar las formas de todas maneras.
Idéntiicos en las tres formas
-
- bet – bet – bet (apostar)
- cut – cut – cut (cortar)
- cost – cost – cost (costar, valer – cuánto)
Identicos en el pasado y participio pasado
-
- leave – left – left (dejar)
- keep – kept – kept (mantener)
- pay – paid – paid (pagar)
Igual en infinitivo y participio pasado
-
- come – came – come (venir)
- become – became – become (volverse, llegar a ser)
- overcome – overcame – overcome (superar)
Finalmente, tenemos la lista de los verbos irregulares en inglés, la cual puedes utilizar para estudiar todos los verbos.
6 Tabla completa de los verbos irregulares
INFINITIVO | PASADO | PARTICIPIO PASADO | ESPAÑOL |
---|---|---|---|
arise | arose | arisen | Tener origen, surgir |
awake | awoke | awoken | Despertar (se) |
be | was, were | been | Ser, estar |
bear | bore | born | Nacer, dar a luz |
beat | beat | beaten | Latir, golpear |
become | became | become | Volver (se) |
begin | began | begun | Empezar, comenzar |
bet | bet | bet | Apostar |
bid | bid/bade | bid/bidden | Ofertar |
bite | bit | bitten | Morder |
bleed | bled | bled | Sangrar |
blow | blew | blown | Soplar |
break | broke | broken | Romper |
breed | bred | bred | Producir, dar frutos |
bring | brought | brougth | Traer |
build | built | built | Construir |
burn | burned/burnt | burned/burnt | Quemar |
buy | bought | bought | Comprar |
cast | cast | cast | Tirar, echar |
catch | caught | caught | Agarar, coger |
choose | chose | chosen | Elegir |
come | came | come | Venir, llegar |
cost | cost | cost | Costar, valer |
creep | crept | crept | Arrastrarse |
cut | cut | cut | Cortar |
deal | dealt | dealt | Tratar |
dig | dug | dug | Cavar |
do | did | done | Hacer |
draw | drew | drawn | Dibujar |
dream | dreamed/dreamt | dreamed/dreamt | Soñar |
drive | drove | driven | Conducir |
drink | drank | drunk | Beber |
eat | ate | eaten | Comer |
fall | fell | fallen | Caer |
feed | fed | fed | Alimentar |
feel | felt | felt | Sentir |
fight | fought | fought | Luchar |
find | found | found | Encontrar |
fly | flew | flown | Volar |
forecast | forecast | forecast | Predecir |
forget | forgot | forgotten | Olvidar |
forgive | forgave | forgiven | Perdonar |
forsake | forsook | forsaken | Abandonar |
freeze | froze | frozen | Helar |
get | got | gotten | Obtener |
give | gave | given | Dar |
go | went | gone | Ir |
grow | grew | grown | Crecer |
hang | hung | hung | Colgar |
have | had | had | Tener |
hear | heard | heard | Oír |
hide | hid | hidden | Esconder |
hit | hit | hit | Golpear |
hold | held | held | Mantener |
hurt | hurt | hurt | Lastimar |
keep | kept | kept | Mantener |
kneel | knelt | knelt | Arrodillarse |
know | knew | known | Conocer, saber |
lay | laid | laid | Poner, colocar |
lead | led | led | Liderar |
learn | learned/learnt | learned/learnt | Aprender |
leave | left | left | Dejar, salir |
lend | lent | lent | Prestar |
let | let | let | Dejar |
lie | lay | lain/laid | Estar tumbado, yacer |
light | lighted/lit | lighted/lit | Encender |
lose | lost | lost | Perder |
make | made | made | Hacer |
mean | meant | meant | Pensar |
meet | met | met | Encontrar(se), alcanzar |
mistake | mistook | mistaken | Equivocarse |
misunderstand | misunderstood | misunderstood | Malentender |
overcast | overcast | overcast | Anublar |
overcome | overcame | overcome | Superar |
overdo | overdid | overdone | Exagerar |
overgrow | overgrew | overgrown | Crecer demasiado |
overlay | overlaid | overlain | Cubrir |
overspread | overspread | overspread | Cubrir |
overtake | overtook | overtaken | Adelantar |
pay | paid | paid | Pagar |
put | put | put | Poner |
read | read | read | Leer |
rebuild | rebuilt | rebuilt | Reconstruir |
rend | rent | rent | Rasgar |
repay | repaid | repaid | Reembolsar, devolver (dinero) |
reset | reset | reset | Reiniciar |
retell | retold | retold | Volver a contar |
rewind | rewound | rewound | Rebobinar |
rid | rid | rid | Eliminar |
ride | rode | ridden | Ir en bici, montar a caballo |
ring | rang | rung | Timbrar, sonar |
rise | rose | risen | Levantarse, ascender |
run | ran | run | Correr |
saw | sawed | sawn | Serrar |
say | said | said | Decir |
see | saw | seen | Ver |
seek | sought | sought | Buscar |
sell | sold | sold | Vender |
send | sent | sent | Enviar |
set | set | set | Establecer |
sew | sewed | sewn | Coser |
shake | shook | shaken | Agitar, sacudir |
shear | sheared | shorn | Cortar |
shine | shone | shone | Brillar |
shoot | shot | shot | Disparar |
show | showed | shown | Mostrar |
shred | shredded | shredded | Desgarrar |
shrink | shrank | shrunk | Encoger |
shut | shut | shut | Cerrar |
sing | sang | sung | Cantar |
sink | sank | sunk | Hundirse, descender |
sit | sat | sat | Sentar |
slay | slew/slayed | slain | Matar |
sleep | slept | slept | Dormir |
slide | slid | slid | Resbalar (se), deslizar |
slit | slit | slit | Cortar, rajar |
smell | smelt | smelt | Oler |
smite | smote | smitten | Herir, golpear |
speak | spoke | spoken | Hablar |
spell | spelt | spelt | Deletrear |
spend | spent | spent | Gastar (dinero), pasar (tiempo) |
spill | spilt | spilt | Derramar |
spit | spat | spat | Escupir |
split | split | split | Dividir, partir |
spoil | spoilt | spoilt | Estropear, deteriorar |
spread | spread | spread | Difundir, propagar |
stand | stood | stood | Estar, colocar |
steal | stole | stolen | Robar |
stick | stuck | stuck | Pegar, adherir |
stink | stank | stunk | Oler mal |
stride | strode | stridden | Andar a trancos |
strike | struck | struck | Golpear, pegar |
swear | swote | sworn | Jurar |
swim | swam | swum | Nadar |
swing | swung | swung | Columpiar, balancear |
take | took | taken | Coger |
teach | taught | taught | Enseñar |
tear | tore | torn | Desgarrar |
tell | told | told | Contar |
think | thought | thought | Pensar |
throw | threw | thrown | Lanzar |
understand | understood | understood | Entender, comprender |
undo | undid | undone | Deshacer |
upset | upset | upset | Alterar, volcar |
wake (up) | woke (up) | woken (up) | Despertar (se) |
wear | wore | worn | Vestir |
weep | wept | wept | Llorar |
win | won | won | Ganar |
wind | wound | wound | Enrollar |
withdraw | withdrawn | withdrawn | Retirar |
write | wrote | written | Escribir |